When was executive order 9066 passed

Although it is not well known, the same executive order and other war-time orders and restrictions were also applied to smaller numbers of residents of the United States who were of Italian or German descent.

For example, 3, resident aliens of Italian background were arrested and more than of them were interned. About 11, German residents—including some naturalized citizens—were arrested and more than were interned. Yet while these individuals and others from those groups suffered grievous violations of their civil liberties, the war-time measures applied to Japanese Americans were worse and more sweeping, uprooting entire communities and targeting citizens as well as resident aliens.

Executive Order No. Anti-Japanese sentiment in the U. Roosevelt commissioned the Munson Report , an intelligence report on Japanese Americans on the West Coast, yet followed through with the executive order even after the report concluded that Japanese Americans were loyal and did not pose a threat.

Over the next six months, approximately , individuals, mostly American citizens, from California, Oregon, Washington, and Arizona were forcefully relocated inland — without a trial or due process — to ten internment camps across the American West. They were stripped of their civil liberties and many lost all material property and assets as it was sold, confiscated, or destroyed in storage.

Individuals and families were forced to live in cramped conditions in uninsulated buildings during hot summers and harsh winters. Those incarcerated were isolated from society by barbed wire, armed guards in towers, and stretches of surrounding wilderness for an average period of two to four years. Fliers like the one below were posted to announce the forced removal of people of Japanese ancestry. Along with instructions regarding when and where to assemble, the flyers include information on what those facing removal were allowed or prohibited from bringing along with them.

Most families had to leave their homes with short notice, without any idea of when they would be allowed to return. Several individuals resisted the order and brought legal challenges which made it all the way to the Supreme Court. One such challenge came from Fred Korematsu, a year-old welder born to Japanese immigrant parents in Oakland, California.

In May , Korematsu resisted the civilian exclusion order and refused to report to Tanforan Assembly Center with the rest of his family. He attempted to disguise his identity by undergoing minor plastic surgery and taking a new name but was ultimately arrested for refusal to comply with the evacuation order 3. Korematsu was represented by the American Civil Liberties Union of Northern California as a test case to challenge the constitutionality of Executive Order The case files include correspondence documenting this split, as well as personal letters between Korematsu and Ernest Besig, the director of the ACLU of Northern California.

In , the Supreme Court ruled against Korematsu, saying that military necessity justified incarceration. Executive Order was unofficially rescinded by President Roosevelt in December of and all camps had fully closed by the end of However, the order was not formally terminated until February by President Gerald Ford.

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